Glutathione - The Master Antioxidant or Acid Buster

The term glutathione is typically used as a collective term to refer to the tripeptide L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine in both its reduced and dimeric forms. Monomeric glutathione is also known as reduced glutathione and its dimer is also known as oxidized glutathione, glutathione disulfide and diglutathione.

In this monograph, reduced glutathione will be called glutathione -- this is its common usage by biochemists--and the glutathione dimer will be referred to as glutathione disulfide.

Glutathione is widely found in all forms of life and plays an essential role in the health of organisms, particularly aerobic organisms.

In animals, including humans, and in plants, glutathione is the predominant non-protein thiol and functions as a redox buffer, keeping with its own SH groups those of proteins in a reduced condition, among other antioxidant activities.

Glutathione is present in tissues in concentrations as high as one millimolar. Cysteine, the business residue of glutathione, neither has the solubility nor activity of glutathione at physiological alkaline pH.

It appears that nature has built the cysteine molecule into the glutathione tripeptide to make the amino acid more soluble and allow it to have redox buffering activity in a living tissue environment.

Glutathione also plays roles in catalysis, metabolism, signal transduction, gene expression and apoptosis. It is a cofactor for glutathione S-transferases, factors which are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, including carcinogenic genotoxicants, and for the glutathione peroxidases, crucial selenium-containing antioxidant factors.

It is also involved in the regeneration of ascorbate from its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate.

There are undoubtedly roles of glutathione that are still to be discovered.

Glutathione is present in the diet in amounts usually less than 100 milligrams daily.

Glutathione is not an essential nutrient since it can be synthesized from the amino acids L-cysteine, L-glutamate and glycine.

It is synthesized in two ATP-dependent steps:

First, gamma-glutamylcysteine is synthesized from L-glutamate and cysteine via the factor gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase -- the rate limiting step -- and second, glycine is added to the C-terminal of gamma-glutamylcysteine via the factor glutathione synthetase.

The liver is the principal site of glutathione synthesis. In healthy tissue, more than 90% of the total glutathione pool is in the reduced form and less than 10% exists in the disulfide form.

The glutathione disulfide reductase is the principal molecule that maintains glutathione in its reduced form. This latter molecule uses as its cofactor NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). NADPH is generated by the oxidative reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway.

The consequences of a functional glutathione deficiency, which results in tissue oxidative stress, can be seen in some pathological conditions.

For example, those with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency produce lower amounts of NADPH (Co-factor Q-1) and hence, lower amounts of reduced glutathione. This condition is characterized by a hemolytic anemia.

Conditions causing chronic glutathione deficiency all result in hemolytic anemia, among other pathological consequences. Oxidative stress caused by glutathione deficiency results in fragile erythrocyte (red blood cells) membranes.

Malaria-causing organisms (Plasmodia species) do not like to feed on these sick erythrocytes.
That is about the only good news regarding this situation.

Chronic functional glutathione deficiency is also associated with immune disorders, an increased incidence of malignancies, and in the case of HIV dis-ease, probably accelerated pathogenesis of the dis-ease.

Acute manifestations of functional glutathione deficiency can be seen in those who have taken an overdosage of acetaminophen (aspirin). This results in depletion of glutathione in the hepatocytes, leading to liver failure and death, if not promptly treated.

Glutathione is an orphan drug for the treatment of AIDS-associated cachexia. It is thought that this disorder is due, in part, to oxidatively-stressed and damaged enterocytes. There is some evidence that although orally administered glutathione may not be absorbed into the blood from the small intestine to any significant extent, that it may be absorbed into the enterocytes where it may help repair damaged cells.

Glutathione in one form or another is the subject of some medicinal chemistry research and many clinical trials.

For example, an aerosolized form of glutathione is being studied in AIDS and cystic fibrosis patients.

Glutathione, the principal antioxidant of the deep lung, appears to be diminished in those with AIDS. Prodrugs of gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine are being evaluated as anticataract agents.

Glutathione (reduced) is known chemically as N-(N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine and is abbreviated as GSH. Its molecular formula is C10H17N3O6S and its molecular weight is 307.33 daltons.

Glutathione disulfide is also known as
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine disulfide and is abbreviated as GSSG. Its molecular formula is C20H32N6O12S2.

Many of the marketed glutathione dietary supplement products are obtained from yeast fermentation, as is the orphan drug. This is not the case with Dr.
Robert O. Young's, Young pHorever Glutathione which is a glutathione extract from avocados.

www.phmiracleliving.com

Glutathione has antioxidant activity. It may have detoxification, and immunomodulatory activities, and may have beneficial effects on sperm motility and in the protection against noise-induced hearing loss.

Glutathione is the principal intracellular non protein thiol and plays a major role in the maintenance of the intracellular redox state.
It may be thought of as an intracellular redox buffer to help maintain the alkaline design of the cell.

Glutathione is a nucleophilic scavenger and an electron donor via the sulfhydryl group of its business residue, cysteine. Its reducing ability maintains molecules such as ascorbate and proteins in their reduced state.

Glutathione is also the cofactor for the selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases, which are major antioxidants. These antioxidants detoxify peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides.

Another antioxidant activity of glutathione is the maintenance of the antioxidant/reducing agent ascorbate in its reduced state. This is accomplished via glutathione-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase which is comprised of glutaredoxin and protein isomerase reductase. Glutathione may also react with the reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite to form S-nitrosoglutathione.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) consist of a family of multifunctional factors that metabolize a wide variety of electrophilic compounds via glutathione conjunction.

GSTs are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds and in the protection against such degenerative diseases as cancer.

The mechanism of these factors involves a nucleophilic attack by glutathione on an electrophilic substrate. The resulting glutathione conjugates that form are more soluble than the original substrates and thus more easily exported from the cell.

The release of glutathione-S-conjugates from cells is an ATP-dependent process mediated by membrane glycoproteins belonging to the multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) family.

Proteins of the MRP family are essential for the transport of glutathione S-conjugates into the extracellular space. They are also known as glutathionine-S-conjugate pumps.

Absorption of orally administered glutathione has been observed in some animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs).

Oral glutathione has been demonstrated to reverse age-associated decline in immune responsiveness in mice.

In one study, glutathione was found to
enhance T-cell mediated responsiveness, including delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). The mechanism of this effect was ascribed to the antioxidant activity of glutathione.

Parenterally administered glutathione was found to improve sperm motility in a small human trial.

Again, the effect was thought to be due to the antioxidant activity of this substance.

Noise-induced hearing loss is thought to be due to oxidative stress. Intraperitoneal administration of glutathione to guinea pigs was found to protect against noise-induced hearing loss and once more, the antioxidant activity of glutathione was thought to account for this effect.

The pharmacokinetics of oral glutathionine in humans are not well understood. It appears that in some animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs), serum glutathione levels do increase following its oral administration.

Though glutathione is undoubtedly a potent antioxidant.
There is preliminary evidence that it might eventually prove to be useful in the management of some cancers, atherosclerosis, diabetes, lung disorders, noise-induced hearing loss, male infertility and to help prevent or ameliorate various toxicities.

It may also have some anti-viral (acid) activity.
Glutathione is an orphan drug for the treatment of AIDS-associated cachexia.

RESEARCH SUMMARY

The use of glutathione in cancer treatment has been two-fold. It has been investigated as an antitumor agent in its own right and as a chemoprotectant used to diminish the toxicities of some cancer drugs.

In one animal study, glutathione produced significant regression of aflatoxin-induced liver cancers and significantly enhanced survival.

All rats exposed to aflatoxin but not given glutathione died within 24 months of exposure to the carcinogen, but 81% of the glutathione-treated animals were still alive at the end of the 24 months. The researchers concluded that the glutathione-effect noted in this study "strongly suggests that this antioxidant merits further investigation as a potential antitumor agent in humans."

Human cancer studies, so far, have utilized glutathione in a secondary role--principally to protect against the toxicity of cisplatin.
Its role in this regard has been found effective in several studies wherein it has been demonstrated to diminish cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Early research indicates that exogenous glutathione may significantly inhibit platelet aggregation and improve other hemostatic and hemorheological factors in atherosclerotic patients. In other preliminary clinical work, glutathione has been found to help preserve renal function in patients who had coronary artery bypass operations.

A glutathione nasal preparations has been helpful in reversing the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and it has helped suppress lung epithelial surface inflammatory cell-derived oxidants in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Similar nebulizing treatment has been given to HIV patients to augment deficient glutathione levels of the lower respiratory tract with the idea of improving host defense in these immuno-compromised individuals.

Glutathione has also been shown to enhance insulin secretion in elderly subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. There are some further preliminary indications that glutathione might be helpful in some with diabetes, but more research is needed before any meaningful conclusions can be made.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, injected glutathione demonstrated a significant positive effects on sperm motility and morphology in infertile men. And, finally, in another study that needs followup, glutathione exhibited significant in vitro inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication. It appears that the mechanism of this effect is due to glutathione's redox-modulating active. Some viral (acidic) outfections, including HIV outfection, result in oxidative stress which may be a major mechanism of their pathogenesis, modulating oxidative stress could be an antiviral (antiacid) maneuver.

Glutathione is an orphan drug for the treatment of AIDS-associated cachexia.

Oral doses of up to 2000 milligrams daily are well tolerated. There are no reports of adverse reactions.

INTERACTIONS DRUGS

Cisplatin (Chemothearpy drug): Glutathione, administered parenterally, may ameliorate some of the adverse reactions of cisplatin.

OVERDOSAGE

There have been no reports of glutathione overdosage in the literature.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Glutathione is available as a single ingredient dietary supplement. Dosage ranges from 50 to 2000 milligrams daily. One teaspoon per Young pHorever Liquid Glutathione equals 430 milligrams.

HOW SUPPLIED

Liquid - one teaspoon of Young pHorever
Glutathione equals 430 milligrams.

SHOULD I ADD LIQUID GLUTATHIONE TO MY DIET?

Yes, as a major protectant from
dietary and lifestyle acidity.

LITERATURE

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in vitro inhibition of herpes simplex virus type
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1999; 87:438-443.

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Glutathione in human plasma: decline in association with aging, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998; 24:699-704.

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Eating Trans-Acidic-Fats May Lead To Higher Cancerous Risk

Trans-acidic-fats or crystallized acidic fats, saturated with hydrogen ions, which are being phased out of food because they clog arteries, may raise the risk of breast cancer, European researchers reported on Friday.

They found that women with the highest blood levels of trans-acidic-fats had about twice the risk of breast cancer compared to women with the lowest levels.

"At this stage, we can only recommend limiting the consumption of processed foods, the source of industrially produced trans-fatty acid," the researchers wrote in the American Journal of Epidemiology.

Trans-acidic-fats or trans-fatty acids are made in creating artificially hardened fats -- in the process of hydrogenization, for instance.

Veronique Chajes of the French national scientific research center at the University of Paris-South and colleagues studied women taking part in a large European cancer trial.
They studied 363 women diagnosed with breast cancer, comparing their blood levels of fatty acids with those of women without cancer.

The higher the levels of trans-acidic-fatty acids, the more likely a woman was to have cancer, Chajes and colleagues found.

Women with higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, being studied for their potential benefits to health, were not any less likely to have breast cancer, the researchers found.

Trans-acidic-fats can be found in cooking fats, baked goods, snacks, a variety of other prepared foods and generally all acidic foods. Omega-3 or unsaturated or unacidic fats are found in fatty fish such as salmon, walnuts, linseed, hemp seed, fruits like avocado, green vegetables and leafy green vegetables.

According to Dr. Robert O. Young, a research scientist at the pH Miracle Living Center, "acids from diet and lifestyle cause cancerous cells and tissues. One of the major acidic contributors is trans-acidic-fats. To prevent any cancerous conditions it is important to ingest liberal amounts of unsaturated and unacidic fats from hemp, flax, linseed, pomegranate and oil oil.

I have recommended for years at least 3 to 4 ounces of unsaturated or unacidic fats every day for a man or woman weighing 70 kilos or 154 pounds."

The Acid Botox May Lead To Nuerological Dis-Ease

The toxic acid Botox, the popular treatment to counter facial wrinkles, can move from the face to the brain.
A study published in the Journal of Neuroscience found that the active acidic ingredient in Botox -- botulinum acid toxin -- moved into the brainstem brain of rats within three days of injection.

Remnants of this acidic poison also moved from the hippocampus on one side of the brain that controls spatial navigation and long-term memory, to the hippocampus on the opposite side of the brain.
Researchers also found that the toxic acid Botox remnants in areas connected with hand-eye coordination.
The effects were still present six months later.

"The idea that there could be some transmission of this to the central nervous system needs to be followed up," said Matthew Avram, director of Massachusetts General Hospital's Dermatology, Laser and Cosmetology Center.

The acidic toxic Botox has been used to smooth facial wrinkles and to treat other health problems since it was approved for use in 1989. Sales topped $1.2 billion worldwide in 2007.

According to Dr. Robert O. Young, a research scientist at The pH Miracle Living Center, states, "Botox is the acidic urine or exotoxin from a bacteria. The idea of injecting an acidic poison from bacteria into the body tissues is unbelievable to me and may be a contributing factor for neurological dis-ease such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, seizures, and sclerosis. Any acid, including the acid Botox could potentially turn ones brain into swiss cheese and should be avoided at all cost.

A more natural and healthful way to reduce or eliminate wrinkles is to alkalize, energize and hydrate the skin with and alkaline lifestyle and diet. The skin is a product of the blood and the blood is a product of the lifestyle and diet. When you have healthy blood you will have healthy skin and the best way to have healthy blood is to have an alkaline lifestyle and diet."

Botox injectable in the upper face for lines of motion. Botox, when performed by a trained individual, is a reliable means of wrinkle reduction of lines of motion. The Institute for Advanced Skincare

Lifestyle and Dietary Acids Cause Heartburn, GERD, Barrett's, and Esophageal Cancer

Over the past two decades, esophageal cancer has risen six-fold. About 16,470 Americans will be diagnosed with esophageal cancer this year, according to the American Cancer Society. Fewer than one in five survives five years with the current medical treatment of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery.

The following are excerpts from an article by Lauran Neegaard of the Associated Press and Dr. Robert O. Young, of the pH Miracle Living Center.

"Chronic heartburn is a daily acid bath for the esophagus, and complications from it are on the rise."

"The reason that chronic heartburn is on the rise is because of the chronic ingestion of acidic foods and drinks, including dairy, meat, high sugar fruits and grains. When we have a highly acidic diet this causes the stomach to produce a high amount of sodium bicarbonate to buffer the excess dietary acid. This increase of sodium bicarbonate to alkalize the ingestion of an highly acidic meal creates an equal amount of a very strong acid called hydrochloric acid. This is the acid that causes acid reflux and the eventual esophageal cancer," states Dr. Robert O. Young, a research scientist at the pH Miracle Living Center.

According to Lauran Neeraard, "more doctors are trying to zap away the worst damage, beaming radiofrequency energy down the throat to burn off precancerous cells."

According to Dr. Young, "current medical savants do not understand that the cause of cancer is a liquid acid from diet and metabolism. Zapping pre-cancerous or cancerous cells with radiation is focused on the effects of acid and not the cause of the cancer - what you are eating, drinking and thinking.
This is why esophageal cancers are so deadly when treated by current medical ideology. The oncologists and the radiologists are focused on the effects of the acidic diet and lifestyle rather then the the acid lifestyle and diet that is fermenting and degenerating body cells. The focus has to be on the acid from lifestyle and diet, not the body cell if one is going to have any success with reversing or curing a cancerous condition, like esophageal cancer.

I have found that the simple approach to buffering lifestyle, dietary and metabolic acids, which are the true causes of all cancers in the human or animal body, is to hyper-alkalize the tissues of the body with bicarbonate of mineral salts."

Lauran Neegaard, also states, "heartburn sometimes is a temporary problem, but it also can signal gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD), where a loose valve allows stomach acid to regularly back up into the delicate esophagus. Millions have GERD, which is on the rise along with expanding waist lines."

"Severe reflux over many years can cause serious problems for a fraction of people. The lining of the esophagus erodes until it bleeds, narrows to make swallowing difficult or. worse, starts to repair itself with more acid-resistant intestinal cells that happen to be more cancer-prone. That last condition is called Barrett's esophagus, and suffers are 30 times more likely than the average person to go on to develop esophageal cancer."

According to Dr. Young. "all cancerous conditions are the effects of lifestyle, dietary and metabolic acids that can be prevented by making alkaline lifestyle and dietary choices. The key to completely reversing or curing a cancerous condition is found in its prevention. If you have been diagnosed with a cancerous condition then the best advise in dealing with this acidic condition is to hyper-alkalize the tissues with alkaline mineral salts, such as sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium bicarbonate. My research indicates that hyper-alkalizing is one of the most powerful ways of buffering the acids that cause ALL cancerous conditions."

"When dealing with heartburn which is stage 2 acidosis, or Gerd, which is stage 4 acidosis, Barrett's condition, which is stage 5 acidosis, or esophageal cancer which is stage 7 acidosis, the treatment is always the same - alkalize the blood and tissues with an alkaline lifestyle and diet. It is the only way to restore health and energy to the body,"
states Dr. Young.

Radiation From Cellular Phones May Cause More Cancerous Conditions Then Tobacco

Research raises new concerns about the effects of mobile devices.

The latest study is from a famous cancer researcher from the UK. The following is an article reported by Fox News:

"A study by an award-winning cancer expert shows that cell phone use could kill more people than smoking, it is reported."

"According to the U.K.'s Independent newspaper, the study, headed by Dr. Vini Khurana, shows that there is a growing body of evidence that using handsets for 10 years or more can double the risk of brain cancer."

"Khurana -- one of the world's top neurosurgeons -- based his assessment on the fact that three billion people now use the phones worldwide. That is three times higher than people who smoke. Smoking kills some five million globally each year."

"He warned that people should avoid using handsets whenever possible and called on the phone industry to make them safer. France and Germany have already warned against the use of mobile phones, especially by children, it is reported."

"The study is said to be the most damning indictment of cell phone use. According to the Independent, cancers take at least 10 years to develop, which has influenced earlier cancer studies showing relative safety when using cell phones."

Mobile phones severely disrupt sleep patterns, according to scientific research into their impact on human rest, funded by the Mobile Manufacturers Association.

The research undertaken by the Electromagnetic Academy based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the United States, exposed 71 men and women, aged between 18 and 45, to mobile phone radiation as they prepared to sleep.

According to the study, monitoring under laboratory conditions showed the initial 'light' phases of sleep in the subjects were affected. In addition, "exposure to 884 MHz wireless signals, components of sleep, believed to be important for recovery from daily wear and tear, are adversely affected." The research also found that those exposed to mobile phones during their sleep appear to have more headaches, than those not exposed.

The findings coincide with calls from UK company Exradia, manufacturers of the first device proven to neutralize potentially dangerous mobile phone radiation, for more government research into the health issues being raised.

David Schick, Exradia chief executive, said, "This study is yet another example of how using mobile phones can have a detrimental effect on humans. It is critical that the UK Government now undertakes a formal public inquiry into this issue."

France recently became the latest country to advise against excessive use of mobile phones, particularly by children. Other countries who've issued similar advice include Sweden, the UK, Israel and India.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has stated that electro-magnetic fields or radiation that exceeds
2.5 milligauss (mG) can be harmful to human health.

"Most cellular phones emit over 5 milligauss with the average emissions over 50 milligauss," states Dr.
Robert O. Young, a research scientist at the pH Miracle Living Center.

Dr. Young also states, "the hybrid cars on the drivers side is an electro-magnetic hot box of radiation that exceeds 50 milligauss and in some hybrid cars over 100 milligauss."

"The most dangerous appliance that is used by most women is the hair dryer which exceeds over 100 milligauss and can be as high as 20,000 milligauss.

Most women have no idea that they are dousing their brain with harmful radiation from hair dryers, their cell phones and now the cars they are driving," states Dr. Young.

"I have measured many of the large cellular phone services offered in the US for levels of EMF radiation and the only company I have found to date that has acceptable electro-magnetic field (EMF) radiation emissions below EPA standards is the Verizon Cellular phone company," states Dr. Young.

"EMF radiation from cell phones, hair dryers, automobiles, microwaves, TV's, computers, airplanes, etc., is the most powerful acidic contributor to ill-health ever invented by man in the last 100 years," states Dr. Young

"Most of us live in an invisible soup of radiation making us sick, tired and depressed."

"Maybe that is why we feel better when we go to the mountains or to the beach."